While eating disorders are often portrayed as illnesses that only affect females, large population studies suggest that up to a quarter of people suffering with anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa are male, and almost an equal number of males and females suffer with binge eating disorder. We also know that under-diagnosis and cultural stigma mean that the actual proportion of males with eating disorders could be much higher.
Eating disorders can develop at any age but males and females are most at risk for anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa in their late teens/early twenties, while binge eating disorder is more prevalent in a person in their mid-twenties.
Rates of body dissatisfaction in males are rapidly approaching that of females. For males, body dissatisfaction is more commonly manifested as the pursuit of a muscular, lean physique rather than a lower body weight.
Male athletes have an increased vulnerability to eating disorders, particularly those in sports with a greater emphasis on weight classes and aesthetic ideals such as weight lifters, wrestlers, gymnasts, dancers, jockeys and body builders. For some males, heightened concerns about muscularity may become part of an eating disorder, characterised by distorted perceptions about muscle bulk, and /or distorted eating and exercise patterns.
The factors that contribute to the onset of an eating disorder are complex. No single cause of eating disorders has been identified; however, known contributing risk factors include:
Most of the common known risk factors for eating disorders apply to males and females (e.g. perfectionism, bullying, dieting, trauma, childhood obesity). Males are also are exposed to unique cultural messages that can increase their vulnerability towards developing an eating disorder. These include:
These negative cultural messages do not reflect the realities of mental and physical health in males.
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Being aware about eating disorders and acting on the warning signs and symptoms can have a marked influence on the severity and duration of the illness. Seeking help at the first warning signs is very important in this respect. However, the very nature of an eating disorder means that the sufferer will try and ensure any warning signs are concealed.
There are physical, psychological and behavioural warning signs that can signal the onset or the presence of an eating disorder in a male or a female but there are some warning signs that are more likely to occur in males:
Further, our socio-cultural influences mean that over-exercising and the extreme pursuit of muscle growth are frequently seen as healthy behaviours for males and can even be actively encouraged. The truth is that these activities can indicate a significant disorder and lead to severe physical health problems.
Find out more about recognising warning signs.
Yes. It is possible for males to recover from eating disorders. Evidence shows that the sooner someone starts treatment for an eating disorder, the shorter the recovery process. Unfortunately, it is not uncommon for males to go untreated longer and to receive less professional care than females.
Commonly males only seek treatment or receive a correct medical diagnosis when symptoms become severe and few services are designed to meet the specific needs of males with eating disorders. The stigma associated with having a ‘female disease’ also contributes to a delay in seeking help.
If you suspect that you or someone you know, male or female, has an eating disorder, it is important to seek help immediately. Your GP is a good ‘first base’ and can refer you to a practitioner with specialised knowledge in eating disorders.
Find help in your local area.
The National Helpline provides free, confidential support for anyone.
Phone 1800 33 4673.
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Also check the related topics:
Eating DisordersSpeaking to someone about your problems can be the first steps to a solution.
